Glossary

Glossary

Understand key terms and concepts in speech-language pathology. Whether you’re a seasoned clinician or just starting out, this glossary is here to support your learning and practice.
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Oral Phase

The first phase of swallowing where food is manipulated and formed into a bolus within the mouth.
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Oral Placement Therapy (OPT)

A technique using targeted oral exercises to improve articulation and speech clarity.

Oral Sensory Processing

How the brain interprets and responds to sensations in the mouth, affecting feeding and speech production.
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Oral-Motor Skills

The coordination of muscles in the mouth, lips, tongue, and jaw for speech and swallowing.
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Organic Speech Disorder

Speech difficulties resulting from structural abnormalities or neurological conditions, as opposed to functional disorders.
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Orofacial Myology

The study and treatment of oral and facial muscles and their relationship to speech, breathing, and swallowing.
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Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Difficulty in the oral or pharyngeal stages of swallowing, often requiring intervention by an SLP.
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Otitis Media

Middle ear infection that can impact hearing and, consequently, speech-language development.
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PCC (Percent Consonants Correct)

A measure used in articulation assessment to calculate accuracy of consonant production.

PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System)

A structured method for teaching communication through picture exchange.

PROMPT (Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets)

A tactile-kinesthetic approach to speech sound disorders that uses touch cues to support correct articulator placement and movement.

PWU (Percent Words Understood)

A measure of speech intelligibility calculating the percentage of words understood by listeners.

Palliative Care

Specialized medical care focused on providing relief from symptoms and stress of serious illness, where SLPs play a role in communication and swallowing quality of life.
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Pediatric Feeding Disorder

An impairment in oral intake that is not age-appropriate and is associated with medical, nutritional, feeding skill, and/or psychosocial dysfunction.

Pharyngeal Phase (of Swallowing)

The stage of swallowing where the bolus moves through the pharynx (throat) and triggers various protective mechanisms.

Phonation

The production of sound through vocal fold vibration, a critical component of voice.
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Phonological Awareness

Understanding of the sound structure of language, including the ability to identify and manipulate sounds in words.
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Phonological Disorder

A speech sound disorder where patterns of errors affect speech intelligibility, like substituting sounds or omitting syllables.
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Phonological Processes

Patterns of sound simplification commonly used by young children as they develop speech.
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Phonology

The study of the sound system of a language, including the rules for combining and using phonemes.
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Pitch

The perceived frequency of voice, determined by vocal fold vibration rate.
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Placement

The position of articulators (tongue, lips, etc.) needed to produce specific speech sounds.
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Pragmatics

The rules governing the use of language in social contexts, including tone, turn-taking, and appropriateness.
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Progressive Apraxia

A motor speech disorder that gradually worsens due to ongoing neurological changes.
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Progressive Neurological Disorders

Conditions that cause gradual deterioration of neurological function, affecting speech, language, and/or swallowing.

Prompting

Providing cues or assistance to elicit correct speech or language responses during therapy.
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Prosody

The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech that conveys meaning beyond words.
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Pull-out Services

Speech therapy provided outside the classroom setting, common in school-based services.
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Push-in Services

Speech therapy provided within the classroom setting, supporting curriculum access and peer interaction.
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QoL: Quality of Life

How symptoms, diagnoses, and recommendations impact overall well-being and participation in daily activities.
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Rate

The speed at which someone speaks, often addressed in fluency therapy.
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Recasting

A language intervention technique where the clinician repeats a child's utterance with corrected grammar or expanded content.
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Receptive Language

The ability to understand spoken, written, or symbolic language.
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Reflux

Return of stomach contents to the esophagus and pharynx, which can impact voice and swallowing.
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Rehabilitation

Therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring communication or swallowing functions after injury, illness, or developmental delay.
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Resonance

The quality of voice determined by the airflow and vibration in the vocal tract, crucial in speech sound production.
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Respiratory Support

Breath support necessary for speech production and safe swallowing.
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Rhythm

The timing and stress patterns in speech, important in both fluency and prosody.
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SGD (Speech Generating Device)

Electronic AAC device that produces speech output.

Screening

A quick evaluation to determine whether a comprehensive assessment is needed for speech, language, or swallowing issues.
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Selective Mutism

An anxiety disorder in which a person, typically a child, is unable to speak in certain social settings despite being able to speak in others.
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Semantics

The meaning of words and relationships between words in language.
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Sensory Integration

The process of organizing sensory input from the body and environment, often addressed in speech therapy for children with sensory processing issues.
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Service Delivery Model

The way speech therapy services are provided (e.g., direct, indirect, consultation, push-in, pull-out).
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Sign Language

A visual language using hand movements, facial expressions, and body language to communicate.
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Social Communication

The use of language in social contexts, including conversational skills, understanding social cues, and pragmatics.
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Social Stories

Narratives that describe social situations and appropriate responses, often used in autism support.
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Social Thinking

A treatment framework focusing on social cognitive processes and social communication.
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Speech Sound Disorders

Difficulty with articulation or phonological processes, affecting the clarity and intelligibility of speech.
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Speech-Language Pathology

The field of expertise focused on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating speech, language, and communication disorders.

Spontaneous Speech

Natural, unprompted speech used to assess conversational abilities in real-life settings.
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Stuttering

A fluency disorder characterized by repetitions, prolongations, or blocks that interrupt the flow of speech.
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Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia)

Difficulty in swallowing that may impact eating, drinking, and overall health, often treated by SLPs.

Syntax

The rules governing sentence structure in language.
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Task Analysis

Breaking down complex skills into smaller, manageable steps for instruction.
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Telepractice

The delivery of speech therapy services via online platforms, allowing for remote assessments and interventions.
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Theory of Mind

Understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one's own.
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Thickened Liquids

Modified drink consistency used in dysphagia management.
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Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia)

A condition caused by a short or tight lingual frenulum that can restrict tongue movement and impact speech or feeding.

Total Communication

A method that combines speech, sign language, and other communication modalities to support individuals with hearing or language challenges.
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Trauma-Informed Care

An approach to therapy that recognizes the impact of trauma on communication and behavior, emphasizing safety, trust, choice, collaboration, and empowerment in therapeutic relationships.
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

An injury to the brain caused by external force, often resulting in communication, cognitive, or swallowing impairments.

Unaided Communication

Communication methods that rely solely on the individual's body, such as gestures, facial expressions, or sign language, without external tools.
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Unilateral Hearing Loss

Hearing impairment in one ear, which can affect language development, auditory processing, and sound localization.
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Unintelligibility

The degree to which speech cannot be understood by listeners.
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Upper Aerodigestive Tract

Anatomical regions including the nose, throat, and upper esophagus involved in breathing, speaking, and swallowing.

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)

Muscle at the entrance to the esophagus, important in swallowing function.

Utterance

A complete unit of speech, bounded by silence or speaker change, used in language analysis.
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Utterance Length

The number of words or morphemes in a spoken phrase, often measured as MLU (Mean Length of Utterance).
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VFSS (Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study)

Another term for modified barium swallow study.

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (VPI)

A condition where the soft palate does not close properly, leading to hypernasality and speech difficulties.

Vestibular System

The sensory system in the inner ear responsible for balance and spatial orientation, which can affect motor skills and communication.
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Visual Cueing

Use of visual signals to support correct speech production.
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Vocal Abuse

Behaviors that can damage the vocal folds, such as excessive shouting or throat clearing.
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Vocal Fold Nodules

Benign growths on the vocal cords caused by strain or overuse, often leading to hoarseness.
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Vocal Hygiene

Practices that maintain vocal health and prevent voice disorders.
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Vocal Quality

The characteristic sound of an individual's voice, including features like roughness, breathiness, or strain.
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Vocal Rest

Prescribed period of reduced or eliminated voice use to promote vocal fold healing.
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Vocal Tract

The air passages above the vocal folds used in speech production.
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Voice Banking

Recording one's voice for potential future use with speech-generating devices.
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Voice Disorder

A condition affecting the quality, pitch, volume, or duration of a person’s voice, impacting communication effectiveness.
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Voice Therapy

Treatment approaches for improving vocal function and health.
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Water Protocol

Structured program for safe liquid consumption in patients with dysphagia.
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Word Retrieval

The process of accessing and producing a specific word from memory, commonly targeted in therapy for individuals with aphasia or cognitive-linguistic challenges.
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Working Memory

The cognitive system responsible for temporarily holding and processing information, critical for language comprehension and production.
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Written Language Disorders

Difficulties with reading, writing, or spelling due to underlying language impairments.

Xerostomia

Dry mouth - often due to aging, side effects of certain medicines, or radiation therapy for cancer.
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Yale Swallow Protocol

A standardized screening tool for assessing swallowing function and determining aspiration risk.
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Yielding

A fluency-shaping technique used in stuttering therapy where tension is gradually released.
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Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with guidance.
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