A neurological disorder refers to any pathology of the central or peripheral nervous system that affects physical or cognitive function. These disorders can result from structural injury, degenerative processes, vascular events, or infections and may involve the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, or related neural systems. Neurological conditions include acute incidents like stroke and traumatic brain injury, as well as chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the region of the nervous system affected, but may include deficits in mobility, sensation, speech, language, memory, or coordination. The term encompasses a broad range of conditions that significantly impact health, functioning, and daily living.
Neurological disorders arise from diverse causes including vascular (e.g. stroke), traumatic (e.g. TBI), and degenerative (e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s) mechanisms. They may also be infectious (e.g. meningitis), autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis), or genetic/congenital (e.g. cerebral palsy, Rett syndrome). Subtypes are classified based on the origin and course of disease—acute vs. chronic, static vs. progressive, focal vs. diffuse. Each subtype disrupts specific neural networks, leading to distinct functional impairments. Some conditions are lifelong from birth, while others develop later due to injury or disease.
Neurological disorders frequently lead to communication and swallowing deficits, making them a major focus of speech-language pathology. In children, early brain injuries or neurodevelopmental conditions may cause delayed speech, dysarthria, or language impairment. In adults, stroke, TBI, or progressive diseases can result in aphasia, voice disorders, or cognitive-communication deficits. These impairments affect independence, participation, and psychosocial wellbeing. Early, individualized intervention by an interdisciplinary team is key to maximizing recovery and quality of life.
Feigin, Valery L., et al. “The global burden of neurological disorders: translating evidence into policy.” Lancet Neurology 19 (3): 255–265 (2020). Link
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine). “Neurologic Diseases.” Accessed June 2025. Link
