Delayed language refers to a significant lag in a child’s language development compared to age expectations, despite following a typical sequence of milestones. The child’s language skills emerge in the normal order but at a slower rate than peers. Clinicians distinguish a simple delay from a language disorder: a delay implies slower maturation with an otherwise typical pattern, whereas a disorder indicates atypical development. Delayed language can be expressive, receptive, or mixed, and is categorized as primary or secondary depending on whether it co-occurs with another condition like hearing loss or autism.
Language delays may result from genetic, perinatal, environmental, or neurodevelopmental factors. Primary delays occur without a known cause, while secondary delays are associated with conditions such as hearing impairment or autism. Some delays resolve naturally, while others persist and may be diagnosed as developmental language disorder (DLD).
Language delay is one of the most common reasons children are referred to SLPs. It affects academic readiness and long-term literacy, making early identification and intervention critical. Persistent delays can affect reading, writing, and social interaction.
Treatment focuses on enhancing communication skills through therapy and family involvement. When delays are secondary, interdisciplinary treatment may be needed. Early intervention often leads to better outcomes.
Andrews, James S., and Heidi M. Feldman. “Language Delay.” In Rudolph’s Pediatrics, 22nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
Hawa, Vera V., and George Spanoudis. “Toddlers with Delayed Expressive Language: An Overview of the Characteristics, Risk Factors and Language Outcomes.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 35, no. 2 (2014).
