Written language disorder refers to significant difficulties with reading and/or writing skills that are not consistent with the person’s age, intelligence, or educational exposure. This term encompasses developmental literacy disorders such as dyslexia and dysgraphia. It can also include challenges in written formulation – for instance, problems organizing and comprehending text (reading comprehension deficits) or composing coherent, grammatical writing (written expression deficits). Individuals with written language disorders may read slowly, confuse similar letters/words, have poor spelling, and produce written work that is brief or error-filled despite adequate oral language.
Peterson, R. L., & Pennington, B. F. (2012). Developmental dyslexia. The Lancet, 379(9830), 1997–2007. Link
Berninger, V. W., et al. (2008). Differential diagnosis of dysgraphia, dyslexia, and language learning disability: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(6), 445–476. Link
